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Monthly Archives: January 2020

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Internet of Things Explained: Facts About IoT You Didn’t Know!

Category : Embedded Blog

“What is the first date that comes to your mind when you imagine the future?” asked a dear friend, while we sipped hot coffee on a balmy summer evening.

2050 it was, for me. I understand that the year associated with “future” is subjective as much as it is mysterious and outside our grasp. It also weighs heavily on one’s age.

Growing up as a child hooked to science fiction, I had imagined a world of new technologies and immersive digital experiences ruling 2020.

Since 2020 is already here, we realize that the future conceived during the 1990s was a tad too imaginative.

And then our conversation took an interesting turn. We returned to the present…or did we?

“I read an article recently that emphasized on the technological boom we are witnessing today. With advancements such as the Internet of Things, industrial automation, virtual reality, and the like, reading a technical article with its copious use of jargons can get a little too daunting!” he exclaimed.

“I really wish I had access to a virtual reality display device that would enlighten me on the nuances of these technologies” he said wryly.

I have previously heard concerns from aging baby boomers that were strikingly similar to my friend’s. I also had a fair idea as to what my friend was trying to convey.

However, I wasn’t particularly inclined to metamorphose into the hypothetical “virtual reality display device” to help him out that day.

Nevertheless, I didn’t mind clarifying a few things that I have picked up over the years on my occupational stint in Internet of Things (IoT). So here, I pen down an abstract of our conversation on IoT, one that I believe has been beneficial to him (and most likely, will also be to you) in an appreciable way.

What is the Internet of Things?

Internet of Things is essentially a hyperconnected network of billions of devices, each of which can be assigned an IP Address.

These devices collect and share data through sensors, processors and wired/wireless networks.

The technology has been so disruptive that it has been successful in converting anything from a watch to a high-end car into a connected smart device.

Consequently, IoT has added a good dose of digital intelligence to devices and has enabled them to transmit data independently.

This has facilitated the blurring of boundary lines between the digital and the physical worlds.

Internet of Things Applications and Use Cases

IoT has brought about a Digital Transformation in various business functions. This is the reason behind the ubiquitous applications of Internet of Things.

The following is a brief snapshot of several such IoT applications and use-cases.

  1. Predictive Maintenance of Industrial Assets – With the advent of IoT, business enterprises got access to more real-time data from within the organization. This improved the ability to implement changes and perform predictive maintenance.
     

    Predictive Maintenance (PdM) is a method that uses tools/techniques for monitoring the status of applications. The performance of these applications is tracked during normal operation to identify possible defects that may crop up in the future.

    Hence, this technique enables businesses to fix a problem before it even appears!

    For instance, IoT can be effectively utilized to implement an intelligent battery monitoring system in an enterprise. This solution would collect voltage and temperature data from installed batteries and constantly monitor the health and state of the batteries.

    The system can proactively determine discharged batteries in the network and provide an alert for action. Hence, such a solution can provide benefits of Predictive Maintenance or Proactive Maintenance.

  2. Industry 4.0 – We are currently in the midst of the fourth industrial revolution – one that has been commonly referred to as Industry 4.0. Manufacturers are harnessing the potential of converging technologies in the industrial space.

    Sensors are being added to components to transmit data on their performance. Data from these sensors is processed in a cloud from where intelligent actions are taken.
     

    The usage of IoT enabled technologies in industry such as Augmented Reality (AR), 5G networking, and collaborative robots (cobots) have brought about significant improvement in the efficiency of systems and supply chains.

    A solar tracking system can be developed based on an Industrial IoT (IIoT) architecture in a solar power plant. Such a solution can align solar panels (fitted with sensor devices) in the direction of movement of the sun to increase field coverage, improve power generation and reduce the cost of field operations.

  3. IoT in the Automotive Sector – IoT has improved the efficiency of transportation and management in the automotive industry.

    We are witnessing the entry of intelligent autonomous vehicles on the roads. This has been realized through the use of cloud connected digital instrument clusters integrated with a host of capabilities including telematics, geofencing, accident alerts, navigation, etc.

    These IoT devices also have the feature of Firmware-Over-The-Air update to ensure seamless upgrades to the system.
     

    Firmware-Over-The-Air (FOTA) is a method of remotely managing software of embedded systems. FOTA is used to upgrade the firmware on a connected device to fix bugs, improve ECU functionality and update software versions.

The Technology Architecture that Powers the Internet of Things (IoT)

Iot Service offerings

The fundamental components of an IoT architecture are listed below. Some use cases may include additional components/layers, but the following five layers form the foundation of an IoT solution:

  1. IoT Device Integrated with Sensor – In the battery monitoring solution mentioned above, the IoT device is the battery retrofitted with a battery monitoring unit. The solar panel integrated with a sensor constitutes the IoT device in a solar power plant.

    IoT devices in other industries could include engines/machines with controllers, while a connected digital instrument cluster component of a vehicle could be the IoT device in the automotive sector.

    These devices collect a wide range of data based on the use case and transmit it to the IoT Gateway. The data collection does not require any manual intervention, as it is accomplished with the help of embedded technology.

  2. Cloud Platform for IoT – This is the central data warehouse from where the transfer of information is orchestrated. Selecting the right platform can be a challenging process, but these issues can be mitigated by approaching a knowledgeable product engineering services partner with extensive experience in IoT.

    Also referred to as the cloud, the IoT platform securely stores data and processes it through Big Data Analytics. The processed information is then transmitted to the devices for “smart operation”.

  3. IoT Gateway – When devices interact with the cloud, data is passed through the gateway. The gateway forms a bridge between the sensor nodes and the cloud server and ensures protocol translation.

    The IoT gateway also makes it possible for a user to manage multiple IoT devices through the same infrastructure.

  4. End-User IoT Application – This component delivers the desired experience to the end user. This could be a mobile app, a desktop IoT application or a website. These intuitive apps will enable end users to control IoT devices from remote locations.
  5. IoT Connectivity – For devices to be capable of sending/receiving data to/from the IoT platform, a connection has to be established. If the device is outdoors, cellular connectivity (GSM) can be utilised for this purpose. In case the device is located within a confined space such as a building or an apartment, WiFi or Ethernet can be used to establish the connection. For short-range communication, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) can also be utilised.

Where Were We?

“Basic knowledge of these components of IoT architecture would suffice to have an overall understanding of how IoT solutions work. Hopefully, now IoT articles wouldn’t seem intimidating to you.” I concluded.

“Sure, this was an insightful conversation. You have got me thinking on the technical details of each of these components now! Will do some reading and get back to you in case I have more questions, Mr. IoT Superstar!” he said, satisfactorily.


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[Vlog] Demo of Our FOTA Update Solution for Field-Deployed Automotive and IoT Devices

Category : Embedded Blog

The primary purpose of Firmware-Over-The-Air (FOTA) Applications is to update firmware in IoT and Automotive devices, that are installed in remote locations or on a field.

This demo video starts by introducing you to the architecture of the system that facilitates FOTA update.

There are four primary components in the FOTA Architecture:

  1. Client app server – Firmware files and device properties are uploaded through the user interface of the client app server.
  2. FOTA server – The work order is created and moved to the FOTA server.
  3. BLOB Storage – This is a highly scalable file storage service that facilitates thousands of concurrent download requests from different devices.
  4. Devices – These should be connected to the internet and have the ability to make API calls. Each device checks for updates from the FOTA server during the first reboot of the day.

Subsequently, the workflow of the system is explained. The steps involved in the FOTA update process are as follows:

  • When new firmware image is available, the admin user uploads the firmware to BLOB storage through client app server.
  • BLOB storage creates a url for the file, and this is stored in the FOTA server.
  • During boot-up, the field deployed devices check for new firmware availability by making API calls to the FOTA server.
  • If new firmware is available, the FOTA server responds with the url.
  • The device then starts downloading the firmware from BLOB storage.
  • Once the firmware starts updating the devices, the status is reported to the FOTA server.
  • When the update is completed by all devices, the status can be viewed in the client app server in the form of bar charts.

This is followed by an insightful demo of how the application works in real-time.

How is scalability the USP of our FOTA Solution? What are the business use-cases of our FOTA Solution?

You will find all the answers in this demo!


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How to Perform Code Generation using a MATLAB Model
Part 2 of Tutorial on Model Based Development (MBD):

Category : Webinars

How to Perform Code Generation Using a MATLAB Model
(Part 2 of the Tutorial Series on Model Based Development)

An Introduction to the Right Arm (Real-Time Environment) of the MBD V-Cycle

 

In our previous tutorial on Model Based Development (MBD), we introduced you to the left arm of the MBD V-cycle, viz. Requirement Gathering and Model Creation.

The second installment of the tutorial focusses on the next phases of MBD V-cycle, which are Code generation, Software in Loop (SIL Testing) and Integration Testing, also called HIL Testing in some cases.

All these steps (on the Left and the Right arm) together  constitute the process of software development using the MBD paradigm.

With the appropriate settings and optimizations, C code can be easily auto-generated from the models using MATLAB Tool. Achieving MISRA C, ISO 26262 and other compliance also becomes easier and more efficient!

What to Expect from this  Model Based Development Tutorial:

Our MBD tutorial starts from where we left off in the previous video. Using the Model that we created in the first part, we will generate the C Code.

Our mentor, Mr. Sameer, has explained the steps and the necessary configuration settings that are required before one executes auto-code generation.

After code generation, Sameer has discussed SIL testing process. This is performed to evaluate whether the generated code provides expected results on the target compiler.

This is followed by an overview of integration testing in which all software modules are tested together on the target hardware platform.

Tutorial Lesson Plan:

  1. Important Steps in code generation from models
  2. Advantage of code generation using MATLAB/SIMULINK
  3. Steps in Software-in-loop (SIL Testing) and its importance
  4. Steps in Integration Testing and its importance

For more queries and demos, please contact us at sales@embitel.com

Tutorial Host and Mentor:

Sameer Kumthekar

Project Manager and Subject Matter Expert (MBD),
Embitel Technologies

On-demand Tutorial

Release Date: Friday, January 24th, 2020

Duration: 18 mins

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Development of a Cost-Effective Digital Instrument Cluster for ICE Powered Two-Wheelers

 

About the Customer

Our customer is a leading supplier of automotive electronics products. They specialise in the sale and support activities of battery management solutions, multimedia equipment, safety systems, and more.
 

Business Challenge

  • The customer desired to implement a cost-effective connected digital instrument cluster solution for Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) powered two-wheelers.
  • Our automotive domain expertise that spans more than a decade, and prior experience in implementing production-grade connected digital instrument cluster solutions gave the customer confidence in partnering with us for Product Engineering Services.
  • The customer’s in-house team focussed on the integration of cloud connectivity and development of the mobile application. Our team handled the design and development of core software and hardware components (while ensuring optimisation of the BOM cost).

 

Embitel Solution

We developed a connected digital instrument cluster solution with the assistance of our Ecosystem Partner, by procuring a cost-effective LED screen best suited for this project.

Key features of our solution are as follows:

  • The connected digital instrument cluster supports the following networking features:
    • Cloud connectivity
    • Location Tracking – Achieved through Global Positioning System (GPS)
    • User interaction via mobile app – Achieved through Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
  • Functionalities such as speedometer, gear indicator and oil level indicator are supported with the help of a Digital UI.
  • The digital automotive instrument cluster solution supports the following safety features:
    • Tow-away alert
    • Accident alert
    • Vehicle theft alert
  • Additional value-added features that have been incorporated in the connected cluster are:
    • Helmet reminder – At the beginning of a ride, a helmet reminder notification will flash on the HMI/UI to remind the rider to wear a helmet.
    • Side-stand indicator – If the side-stand of the two-wheeler is engaged while riding, there will be a notification for the same.
    • Mobile signal status – The rider will be notified of the mobile signal on his/her phone through the HMI/UI.
    • Turn By Turn (TBT) Navigation – The rider updates his/her destination on the mobile app. This data is transferred to the connected cluster through BLE connectivity. A part of the display unit on the cluster indicates the direction in which the vehicle will have to move in order to reach the destination. This information is displayed in the form of symbols.

      Since the navigation facility was not required to support the map feature, we were able to use a segmented LCD that brought down the development costs by a significant amount.

    • Geofencing – The connected cluster can detect and trigger a notification when the vehicle enters or leaves a specific geographical location.
    • DND Status – All incoming calls, missed calls and SMS notifications are usually displayed on the HMI/UI of the connected cluster. The rider can choose to turn on the “Do Not Disturb” status, in which case the call and message notifications are not displayed on the screen.
  • Integration of FOTA update – The automotive instrument cluster solution has been integrated with Firmware-Over-The Air (FOTA) Update feature. The mobile app sends a notification to the user when a new version of firmware is available. The FOTA image is shared with the cluster through BLE connectivity and subsequently, the firmware is updated.
  • Cost-effectiveness – We were able to cut down on the project development and integration costs through our expertise in connected automotive instrument cluster design. Some of the choices that helped in achieving a cost-effective solution are as follows:
    • The solution was developed using a low-cost 16-bit automotive MicroController Unit (MCU).
    • The utilisation of a consolidated module for GPS, GSM and BLE connectivity was instrumental in bringing down the BOM cost significantly.
    • Leveraging our partnership with a leading supplier of graphical and segmented LCDs, we were able to design a unique segmented HMI/UI as part of the solution. This is a low-cost alternative to a graphical HMI/UI when bulk production is considered.
    • The CPU usage was also minimised through careful selection and architecture of the LCD. This, in turn, brought down the overall cost of the solution.
  • Quick solution delivery – We were able to expedite development activities and deliver the proof of concept (POC) earlier than expected through the following activities:
    • We utilised the expertise of the CAD team of our LCD partner in the generation of symbols for the display.
    • We were able to reduce the overall development time through the use of reference boards from multiple component vendors. This enabled the software development and testing activities to be executed in parallel with the hardware development.
  • We also supported the customer in performing integration testing of our connected digital instrument cluster solution with the cloud and mobile app.

 

Embitel Impact

  • We were able to successfully deliver a connected cluster solution and integrate it with the customer’s cloud infrastructure and mobile app within an expedited timeframe of 6 months.
  • The solution was developed to be extremely cost-effective.

 

Tools and Technologies

  • Open source Eclipse IDE was used for the firmware development.
  • For the hardware development, we used a 16-bit microcontroller configured for automotive applications.
  • We used existing reference models from hardware vendors for the software development and testing activities.
  • OrCAD standard tools were used for hardware development.

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Why is ASIL determination indispensable for an ISO 26262 Project?

Why is ASIL determination indispensable for an ISO 26262 Project?

Webinar Express: Short Duration, High Value Webinars

Automotive Safety & Integrity Level (ASIL) is the key reference point that guides an ISO 26262 compliant project. The ASIL value determines the testing methods to be used, tools to be deployed, software development approaches and almost every activity related to the project.

However, at times, ASIL is not given its due importance and is assumed based on various factors. In this webinar, our functional safety expert, Poornima Jha will discuss the implications of assuming ASIL. She will also throw light on scenarios where assuming ASIL is accepted.

ASIL assumption may derail your automotive project in more ways than one. There is a whole lot of rework waiting to happen once you skip the concept phase of ISO 26262 safety lifecycle.

This webinar is an attempt to unravel the perils of assuming ASIL instead of determining it by performing all the activity listed in concept phase.

Key Takeaways from the ISO 26262 Requirement Mapping Webinar

  1. The Three Pillars of ASIL
  2. Assumption of ASIL- Is it acceptable?
  3. Issues arising from assumption of ASIL and Safety Goals
  4. Best Practice for ASIL determination

“The webinar takes up one of the most fundamental aspects of ISO 26262 compliant software development- ASIL Determination”

We heartily welcome you to tune into this recorded session of the ISO 26262 webinar. This session aims to prove a value-add for your Automotive Functional Safety (FuSa) journey.

Webinar Host:

Poornima Jha

Functional Safety Manager,
Embitel Technologies

On-demand Webinar

Release Date: Wednesday, December 15th, 2021

Duration: 10 mins

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[Vlog] MSIL vs ASIL: How does the Latest ISO 26262 Standard Define Functional Safety in Two-wheelers

Category : Embedded Blog

Functional safety (FuSa) in two-wheelers works differently. And this was probably the reason why it was kept out of scope when ISO 26262 standard was first launched in 2011.

Over the years, the need for FuSa was felt very strongly in the motorcycle industry. In fact, a few OEMs and suppliers had come with their own interpretations of FuSa for two-wheelers and started developing ISO 26262 compliant solutions.

Finally, in 2018, the latest version of ISO 26262 standard included Part-12, completely dedicated to FuSa in motorcycles.

This video explains the concept of Motorcycle Safety Integrity Level (MSIL) and how it is mapped to ASIL grades.

Major Takeaways from the MSIL vs ASIL Video:

  • Need for a separate Part for Functional Safety in two-wheelers
  • What is Motorcycle Safety Integrity Level (MSIL)?
  • How is MSIL mapped with ASIL?
  • Notable differences in ISO 26262 Guidelines for two-wheelers
  • Impact of ISO 26262:2018-Part-12 on two-wheeler industry

Part-12 of the latest ISO 26262 standard is an elaborate one. In this video, we have attempted to explain it a much simpler way. We also have a detailed blog on this topic. You can find it here.

Please like the video and do share it among your colleagues and friends. Also subscribe to our YouTube channel for more such content.


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How BLDC/PMSM Electric Motors are Making Manual Interventions Obsolete in your Automobiles

Category : Embedded Blog

If you are a 90’s kid or had the fortune of buying a car during those times, you must have memories of using handles for operating the windows. Locking the car doors manually using a key was also a very common practice.

Such manual interventions for simple operations were standard operating procedures in passenger as well as commercial vehicles.

And then, the electric motors (BLDC/PMSM) started making their presence felt !

An “Electric Motor” justified the true meaning of the name “Motor Car”. Initially, the application of these motors did not have any direct impact on the ride quality (EVs changed that too), but it definitely took the driving experience a few notches higher.

Having said that, we should also clarify that the automotive industry did not adopt electric motors overnight.

The evolution of electric motor happened in hands and arms with with the evlotuons of automobiles and the gradually maturing expectations of the end-users.

The OEMs and other stakeholders of the automotive industry spent a lot of sweat and blood (and lots of moolah) in order to fuel innovations in motor-control solutions & systems, in order to leverage the full potential of electric motors

Despite being an omnipresent part of an automobile, these motors are always hidden inside the hood and never get the recognition they deserve.

In this blog, we try to turn the spotlight on the electric motors in your car and how they are hard at work to make all your  manual interventions obsolete!

P.S – We are not hinting at Man v/s Machine Conflict here. So just relax

But where are all these omnipresent motors in my car, I don’t see any?

They are present in more places than you can imagine!

  • When you turn the power steering, an electric motor assists you.
  • When you apply the car brakes, an intelligent motor fitted inside the Anti-lock Braking System makes sure that the brakes are applied efficiently without causing any skid.
  • And the list can get never ending

Let’s learn about some of these applications in detail!

  1. Electric Power Steering (EPS)

    If you have ever driven a manual steering car, you would know how difficult it is to operate.

    The manual steering system is responsible for converting the rotation of the steering wheel into a swiveling motion of the vehicle’s wheels. This system enables a driver to use relatively light forces to steer a vehicle.

    However, when maneuvering a heavy vehicle, either the steering will be heavy or low geared. The driver is hence, required to turn the steering wheel from lock to lock several times in order to steer the vehicle.

    An Electronic Power Steering (EPS) system puts an end to these issues by engaging a motor for steering control.

    How Does Electric Power Steering Work?

    In an EPS steering system, the steering assist is usually provided by a bidirectional brushless DC motor, electronic controller and sensors. The motor drives a gear that is connected to a steering column shaft.

    Sensors in the steering column receive two primary inputs from the driver, i.e., the steering effort (torque) and the speed/position of the steering wheel. The measured speed, torque, position and vehicle speed, along with other inputs are processed by the electronic control module.

    The processing of the controller is through a series of algorithms. The right amount of polarity and current is, hence, provided to the motor.

    It should be noted that the engine speed and chassis control systems are other inputs that affect the steering assist.

    What are the Advantages of Electric Power Steering?

    • Electric Power Steering reduces cost by eliminating steering pumps, hoses, drive belts and hydraulic components from the engine.
    • EPS is energy efficient as it uses lesser battery resources than manual steering.
    • It is easy for OEMs to pack and tune the electric power steering when compared to a hydraulics system of power steering.
    • Electric Power Steering is easy to maintain as lesser number of components are required to operate it.
    • Electric systems have much more simple setups and hence, the weight over the front axle is reduced.
    • In performance cars, electric power steering enables more flexibility as far as steering modes are concerned. So, the steering may feel heavier in Sports mode and lighter in Comfort mode.
  2. Power Windows

    Power Window is a simple, yet critical application of motors in a vehicle. In contrast to an EPS where an electronic motor control system is used, a power window is controlled electrically.

    How Do Power Windows Work?

    Power windows are operated with switches and wires connected to a motor fitted to the window. The system is powered by the vehicle’s battery and hence, is available only when the ignition is switched on.

    The switch controlling the power windows is a two-way variant and goes up and down. When the user pulls it up, it sends an electrical signal to the battery, which in turn, sends the signal to the corresponding motor.

    With advancements in automotive electronics, the power window along with power doors and Outside Rear View Mirrors (ORVMs) have been connected and operated using a central system, usually referred to as Body Control Module.

    Advantages of Power Windows

    • Power Window is more of a comfort-oriented feature but an important one, as it gives the driver the ability to control all the windows without leaving his/her seat.
    • An individual who is not in good physical condition, such as a person with a hand injury, can also operate a power window effortlessly.
  3. Different Motors and their Control System Video

  4. HVAC Systems

    Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems have become an integral part of motor vehicles. However, that was not always the case. It was only in the 80’s that air-conditioning systems started making their presence felt in the automotive industry.

    How an HVAC System Works

    An electric motor has a very crucial role to play in such systems.

    • Heater System – The motor regulates the air movement by pulling air from the outside and centrifuging it over the fins of a radiator. The engine coolant is circulated through the radiator core. This quick movement of air propelled by high-power motors helps in achieving the heating.
    • Air Conditioning – The air conditioning system primarily consists of the following parts:
      • Compressor
      • Condenser
      • Expansion Valve
      • Evaporator

    The refrigerant is compressed and turned into a hot gas in the compressor. This gas is converted into a liquid state in the condenser and it moves into the expansion valve. As the refrigerant passes through the expansion valve, it becomes a low-pressure gas and is cooled in the evaporator.

    The cold low-pressure refrigerant is moved into the evaporator where it vaporises. It absorbs heat from the air in the passenger compartment. The blower fan is responsible for pushing the air over the evaporator fins so that the cold air is circulated in the passenger compartment.

    In modern HVAC systems, the motors are controlled by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals generated by Motor Control Systems. Due to this, the motor can have infinite levels of fan speed, which means that specific temperatures can be achieved. An example of such HVAC system is the Climate Control System in automobiles.

    HVAC system is aimed at making the drive more comfortable in extreme summers and winter season.

  5. Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)

    The concern towards automotive safety has been on a rise, thanks to strict regulations in the automotive industry.

    Anti-lock Braking System is a primary safety component of a vehicle. It prevents the wheels of the vehicle from locking up and enables drivers to maintain steering control.

    ABS basically assists in maintaining tractive contact of the vehicle wheels with the ground, so that there is no uncontrollable skid. This is particularly helpful in situations of sudden braking.

    With the help of wheel sensors, on-board computer (ECU) and an ABS motor, brakes are applied to all four wheels in a controlled way, so that the vehicle is as stable as possible.

    If there is one application of motors which has had the most powerful impact, it is the Anti-lock Braking System!

    How Does Anti-lock Braking System Work?

    An ABS comprises of Wheel Sensors, ABS ECU and ABS motor as the major components. In case of a panic braking, the wheel sensors read the difference in the speed of the wheels and send a signal to the ECU.

    The control unit calculates the torque and signals the ABS motors to apply appropriate braking on all four wheels so that they don’t skid.

    The ABS motor has solenoids that connect to the brake valves and achieve the desired braking.

    Advantages of Anti-lock Braking System

    • ABS is a proven braking method that ensures safety of the vehicle when sudden brake is applied on slippery surfaces.
    • Its importance can be gauged by the fact that it has been made compulsory in both four-wheelers and two-wheelers in many countries.

And More to Come!

Innovations in Electric Motors (BLDC/PMSM) and the Motor Controller Solutions have made our automobiles safer, more comfortable and easier to drive and operate.

In addition to the applications we discussed in this blog, there are many more ways in which electric motors are being utilized by the automotive industry.

This includes seating control and comfort systems, sunroof control systems, and more

The motors assume even more importance in an electric vehicle where they are also responsible for driving the entire vehicle.

If the pace of innovations in motor control technology is anything to go by, we can expect even more astonishing ways in which motors will replace manual interventions in an automobile.

Beware! Machines (Electric Motors) are coming…..to make your Driving more comfortable. So please don’t get paranoid.