Monthly Archives: July 2023

5 Innovative Features that the Best Car Infotainment Systems Have in 2023-24

“Why can’t car companies provide an infotainment system like a smartphone?”

“Why is the infotainment OS of most car companies subpar and so slow?”

“Are cars with infotainment systems really private?”

“Is touchscreen the right technology to interact with while driving a car?”

These are some of the questions that arise in the mind of an automotive enthusiast who has been closely witnessing the advancements in vehicle E/E systems.

While it is a known fact that most mass-market cars still have basic infotainment systems, we should acknowledge the strides made in infotainment tech globally in the past 5 years. And the best car infotainment systems are testimony to these advancements.

A Brief History of the In-Vehicle Infotainment

Vehicle infotainment systems were first seen in the 1930s when expensive AM radios took center stage in luxury vehicles of that era.

In the 1950s, music players became a popular addition to the in-vehicle gadgetry in most vehicle models. By then, auto OEMs had found ways to make them more affordable.

The most interesting innovations in vehicle infotainment came later on – when car stereos with in-built cassette players hit the market. The vehicle dashboard metamorphosed to include CD players and in-built MP3 players in the coming years. Such innovations presented unparalleled audio quality and ease of use for the driver.

In 1990, the first-ever GPS tracking module was introduced in vehicles by Mazda, and this revolutionised vehicle navigation.

As the page turned to the new millennium, consumers demanded the sophistication and ease-of-use that they found in consumer devices like mobile phones to be replicated in vehicle infotainment systems.

Since the introduction of Android Automotive in 2017, innovations in IVI systems have seen a spurt of growth. Let’s explore some of the exciting features that modern IVI systems are fortified with today.

Top Features Differentiating the Best Car Infotainment Systems from the Rest

A cutting-edge automotive infotainment system in 2017 would flaunt features such as:

• Touchscreen display
• Voice control
• Smartphone integration
• Advanced navigation
• Connectivity and Streaming

Fast forward by 5 years, and we find ourselves at the helm of a revolution in infotainment tech growth.

1. Simple Touchscreen Displays Transform to Voice and Gesture-controlled Systems with 3D Displays

Ordinary touchscreen displays have given way to high resolution touchscreens that mesmerise you with 2D and 3D graphics. Even better, the driver need not get distracted by the touchscreen navigation anymore, as Voice control systems have gained more muscle.

For instance, you can just “tell” your car that you are feeling cold. The system is capable of taking corrective measures such as increasing the cabin temperature by a few degrees.

Gesture control is another interesting feature wherein the driver can change the volume of music by circular hand motions, answer a call or reject it by swiping motions, and change system settings by swiping two fingers down.

2. Conversational AI Becomes a Steppingstone to Intelligent Conversations with Your Car

Advanced voice AI technology offers convenience, efficiency and entertainment to vehicle occupants through its various use cases. Drivers can have conversations with multilingual voice assistants that guide them for making timely purchases, retrieving data from a cloud database, or receiving information regarding vehicle charging stations.

Sample this,

Car – “Since you will be reaching home in the next 20 minutes, would you like to order dinner?”

Driver – “Sure, tell me what’s on the menu at the nearest restaurant.”

This way, conversational AI can assist in placing complex food orders (even with ingredient substitutions), reserve parking spots before the driver arrives at the destination, and pay for gas at the upcoming station.

3. ECU Consolidation Boosts the Efficiency of Infotainment Systems

The functions performed by automotive ECUs are increasingly getting more complex. The need for multi-display infotainment systems, ADAS features, and car-to-fleet communication only complicates this further.

The first impact of ECU consolidation in the automotive industry was witnessed in instrument clusters, head-up displays and car infotainment systems.

Traditionally, automotive OEMs have been sourcing these products individually from different suppliers or technology vendors. However, they faced the challenge of ensuring a seamless user experience across these products. OEMs also desired to reduce the weight, power consumption and complexity of these components. This led to the concept of ECU convergence or consolidation.

In this model, auto OEMs are converging their varied development teams into one, so that a single advanced ECU that supports various functionalities can be developed.

In the case of a multi-display infotainment system, the ECU will function as a single brain that controls all the displays. Various types of inputs, i.e., voice commands, mobile connectivity, gesture analysis, etc. will be directed to the main hardware unit. This unit will process the data and send the output to different displays, based on relevance. So, the playlist of songs will be shown on the car infotainment display while the navigation data will appear on the head-up display.

4. Acoustic Innovations Bring Vehicle Occupants Together

Auto OEMs are collaborating with audio tech providers to present high-quality listening experiences to vehicle occupants. Some of the advanced tech in this space enables the entire family to enjoy shared or personalised content during the journey. There are dedicated profiles and configurations for the driver and passengers to enable independent content consumption.

Innovative tech companies have also conceptualised solutions that provide exceptional audio quality with full surround sound option and the ability to mimic a real-world performance! All this, while ensuring the comfort of the user and diligence in ergonomics.

5. Augmented Reality (AR) Provides Contextual Information to Drivers

Augmented reality overlays digital information onto the real world views to amplify our perception of the surroundings. With the advent of AR in IVI systems, drivers can access critical information related to the surroundings right on the windshield.

For example, AR solutions integrated with infotainment systems can highlight pedestrians and objects on the windshield. This can be very useful in low-light scenarios when the driver finds it difficult to spot objects.

This technology also enables the driver to get a windshield view of their route and places where they have to take turns, without having to glance at an infotainment screen below. In case there is a road block, alternate routes and instructions will be displayed as well.

The enhancement in situational awareness provided by this technology is unrivalled; it is especially useful when you are navigating unfamiliar roads.

Conclusion

Coming back to the questions we discussed at the beginning of this article, we can say that IVI systems in mass-market vehicles have not yet reached the level of finesse that consumers expect today. But this can be due to OEM priorities and market dynamics for that product line.

Overall, we see that luxury vehicles are being endowed with the best car infotainment systems today. And it is only a matter of time before these features are incorporated in the mass-market vehicles as well.

So, we are not too far away from a reality where we can drive back home from work and instruct our vehicle’s infotainment system to open our garage door just after it switches on the room heating system inside the house!

Functional Safety in Electric Vehicles – The Doorway to Safe and Sustainable Mobility

As the world embraces the transition to electric mobility, ensuring the safety of Electric Vehicles becomes paramount. Functional safety, a crucial aspect of EV design, addresses the prevention and mitigation of hazards caused by system malfunctions. In this blog post, we will delve into the importance of functional safety in EVs and explore the key considerations and standards that govern this vital aspect of Electric Vehicle engineering.

Understanding Functional Safety in EVs – Overview

Functional safety in the context of Electric Vehicles refers to the systematic approach of designing, implementing, and validating safety functions to prevent or mitigate harm caused by malfunctions or failures of vehicle systems. The purpose of functional safety is to ensure that the EV’s systems operate reliably and predictably, protecting occupants, pedestrians, and the environment from potential hazards.

In Electric Vehicles, functional safety plays a critical role in managing the potential risks associated with various systems, including high-voltage components, battery management systems, power electronics, and electric drivetrains. By implementing functional safety measures, EV manufacturers aim to minimize the likelihood and impact of failures, ensuring safe operation under normal and abnormal conditions.

Functional Safety Standards for EVs (ISO 26262: The Automotive Functional Safety Standard)

ISO 26262 is an international standard specifically tailored for the automotive industry, providing guidelines and requirements for achieving functional safety. It encompasses the entire vehicle development lifecycle, including concept, design, development, production, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning phases. Compliance with ISO 26262 is crucial for EV manufacturers to demonstrate their commitment to functional safety.

Within ISO 26262, EVs are classified as vehicles with high-voltage systems, necessitating specific safety measures. The standard outlines requirements for risk assessment, functional safety management, system development, hardware and software verification, and validation. Additionally, it defines Safety Integrity Levels (ASIL) to quantify the necessary safety integrity for different functions.

Safety goals are the quantifiable objectives set to achieve the desired level of functional safety. These goals are typically defined based on the assessment of risks and their associated severity. ISO 26262 introduces the concept of Safety Integrity Levels (SILs) to categorize safety goals, with higher SILs indicating a greater level of safety requirements and measures.

Risk Assessment and Hazard Analysis

The process of functional safety begins with a comprehensive risk assessment and hazard analysis. This involves identifying potential hazards, assessing their severity, determining the likelihood of occurrence, and evaluating their associated risks. Through this analysis, engineers can establish safety goals and define the necessary safety requirements to mitigate identified risks.

Functional Safety Concepts and Practices in Electric Vehicle Designs

1. System Architecture and Redundancy
   • High-Voltage System Architecture – In EVs, the high-voltage system architecture is designed with a focus on safety and fault tolerance. Redundancy is incorporated to ensure that critical functions can be maintained even in the event of a failure. This may involve duplicated components, multiple electrical paths, or backup systems to enhance overall system reliability.
   • Redundancy in Battery Management Systems – Battery management systems (BMS) play a vital role in monitoring and controlling the state of the battery pack. Redundancy measures are implemented within the BMS to ensure accurate monitoring, fault detection, and cell balancing. Redundant sensors, processors, and communication channels enhance the reliability and safety of the battery system.
2. Safety Mechanisms and Monitoring
   • Overcurrent Protection and Current Limiting – To protect the electrical components and ensure safe operation, EVs incorporate overcurrent protection mechanisms and current limiting devices. These systems continuously monitor the current flow and intervene to prevent excessive current, which can lead to component damage or safety hazards.
   • Thermal Management and Cooling Systems – Efficient thermal management and cooling systems are critical for maintaining safe operating temperatures in EVs. Overheating can lead to performance degradation, accelerated wear, and potential safety risks. Active cooling mechanisms, such as liquid or air cooling, are employed to regulate temperatures and prevent thermal runaway.
3. Failure Modes and Diagnostic Analysis
   • Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) – Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a systematic method used to identify potential failure modes, their causes, and their effects. By analysing the failure modes, engineers can implement design modifications and safety features to prevent or mitigate the identified risks.
   • Diagnostic Coverage and Fault Tolerance – Diagnostic coverage refers to the ability of the system to detect and diagnose faults or failures. EVs incorporate comprehensive diagnostic mechanisms to monitor critical components and systems continuously. Fault tolerance is achieved through redundancy and backup systems that allow the vehicle to operate safely, even in the presence of failures or faults.

Challenges and Advances in EV Functional Safety

1. High-Voltage Safety Considerations
   • Insulation and Isolation Techniques – High-voltage components in EVs require effective insulation and isolation techniques to minimize the risk of electrical shock or short circuits. Insulation materials, such as high dielectric strength polymers, are used to separate conductive parts and prevent unintended electrical contact.
   • Containment of Electrical Hazards – EVs employ various measures to contain electrical hazards, such as high-voltage interlock loops (HVIL) and reinforced enclosures. HVIL ensures that high-voltage systems are deactivated when the vehicle is not in operation or during maintenance, reducing the risk of electrical accidents.
2. Cybersecurity and Functional Safety
   • Protection against Cyber Attacks – With the increasing connectivity in EVs, cybersecurity becomes crucial to ensure functional safety. EVs must employ robust cybersecurity measures to prevent unauthorized access, data manipulation, or remote control of critical systems.
   • Secure Communication Protocols – Implementing secure communication protocols between vehicle components and external systems helps prevent unauthorized commands or tampering. Encryption and authentication mechanisms play a significant role in ensuring the integrity and security of communications.
3. Testing and Validation of Safety Systems
   • Virtual Simulations and Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing – Virtual simulations and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing allow engineers to evaluate the performance and safety of EV systems in a controlled environment. These testing methods enable comprehensive analysis and validation of safety systems without relying solely on physical prototypes.
   • Real-world Testing and Validation – Real-world testing is essential to validate the functional safety of EVs in diverse operational conditions. Through rigorous testing on test tracks, public roads, and various environmental scenarios, engineers can identify potential risks and refine safety measures.

The Future of EV Functional Safety

1. Emerging Technologies and Safety Enhancements
   • Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) – Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) contribute to enhancing functional safety by assisting drivers, mitigating risks, and reducing the likelihood of accidents. Features such as collision avoidance, adaptive cruise control, and lane-keeping assist improve overall safety performance.
   • Autonomous Driving and Functional Safety – The evolution towards autonomous driving presents new challenges and opportunities for functional safety. Ensuring robust functional safety measures is crucial in autonomous Electric Vehicles, where human intervention may be limited or non-existent.
2. Standardization and Collaboration Efforts
   • Industry Collaboration for Safety Guidelines – Various organizations and industry stakeholders collaborate to establish safety guidelines and best practices for EV functional safety. Collaborative efforts foster the exchange of knowledge and experiences, driving the development of standardized safety processes and technologies.
   • Harmonization of International Standards – Harmonizing international standards facilitates global adoption and ensures a consistent approach to functional safety. The alignment of safety regulations and standards across different regions promotes interoperability and facilitates the development of safe and reliable EVs worldwide.

Conclusion

In the pursuit of a sustainable future, Electric Vehicles have emerged as a revolutionary technology. However, ensuring functional safety is vital to gain public trust and widespread adoption of EVs. By adhering to standards such as ISO 26262 and implementing robust safety concepts and practices, engineers can mitigate risks and provide reliable and secure Electric Vehicles. As the field continues to evolve, addressing challenges and embracing advances will lead us toward a safer and more efficient electric mobility ecosystem.

Unveiling the Power of On-Board Charger Communication Protocols for Electric Vehicles

In the rapidly evolving landscape of Electric Vehicles, one crucial component plays a pivotal role in enabling efficient charging: the On-Board Charger. While the On-Board Charger itself is a critical part of the charging infrastructure, the communication protocols employed within this device are equally essential. In this blog, we will delve into the world of On-board charger communication protocols, exploring their significance, technical depths, and how they contribute to the seamless operation of Electric Vehicles.

Understanding the On-Board Charger and Its Role

The On-Board Charger serves as a vital link between the power grid and the Electric Vehicle. Its primary function is to convert the AC power from the charging station into DC power that can be stored in the EV’s battery. Additionally, the On-board charger regulates the charging process, monitors battery conditions, and ensures safe and efficient charging.

Exploring the Significance of On-Board Charger Communication Protocols

Efficient communication between the vehicle and the charger is essential for seamless charging operations. On-Board Charger communication protocols play a crucial role in enabling this communication and ensuring the safe and reliable operation of Electric Vehicles.

1. Enabling Efficient Communication Between Vehicle and Charger – On-Board Charger communication protocols facilitate the exchange of vital information between the Electric Vehicle and the charging station. This information includes parameters such as charging power, voltage, current, and battery status. By leveraging robust communication protocols, the On-board charger can precisely control the charging process, optimize charging efficiency, and prevent any potential issues.
2. Ensuring Safe and Reliable Charging Operations – Safety is of paramount importance in the world of Electric Vehicles. On-board charger communication protocols incorporate features such as authentication, encryption, and error detection to ensure secure data exchange. Additionally, these protocols enable real-time monitoring of critical parameters, allowing the On-board charger to detect any anomalies and initiate appropriate safety measures, such as shutting down the charging process in case of emergencies.
3. Enhancing Interoperability Across Charging Networks – Interoperability is a key factor in the widespread adoption of Electric Vehicles. On-Board Charger communication protocols help establish compatibility and interoperability between different charging stations and Electric Vehicles. This ensures that EV owners can seamlessly charge their vehicles at various charging stations, regardless of the protocol used, promoting a user-friendly charging experience.

Common On-Board Charger Communication Protocols: An In-Depth Look

Several communication protocols are commonly used in On-Board Chargers. Let’s explore some of the most prevalent ones and their functionalities.

• Controller Area Network (CAN) – The Controller Area Network is a widely used communication protocol in the automotive industry. CAN enables robust and reliable communication between various components within a vehicle, including the On-board charger. It provides a high-speed, deterministic communication channel, making it suitable for real-time control and monitoring of the charging process.
• Power Line Communication (PLC) – Power Line Communication utilizes the existing power lines within the charging infrastructure to transmit data. This eliminates the need for additional communication wiring, making it a cost-effective solution. PLC allows for bidirectional communication, enabling not only the transmission of charging parameters but also grid-related information. However, PLC can be susceptible to noise interference and signal degradation.
• Combined Charging System (CCS) – The Combined Charging System protocol is gaining popularity as a comprehensive solution for EV charging. CCS combines power and communication capabilities into a single connector, simplifying the charging process. It supports both AC and DC charging, allowing for faster charging rates. Moreover, CCS incorporates backward compatibility, enabling EVs to charge at older charging stations. This protocol is widely supported by major automakers and charging infrastructure providers.
• ISO 15118 and the Future of On-Board Charger Communication – ISO 15118 is an emerging standard for On-board charger communication that aims to revolutionize EV charging. This intelligent communication protocol enables bi-directional charging, allowing the vehicle to not only charge but also discharge energy back to the grid. ISO 15118 also introduces advanced features such as Plug and Charge, which automates the authentication and billing process, further enhancing user convenience and security.
• CHAdeMO charging standard protocol – CHAdeMO originated in Japan and is associated with a specific plug design, facilitating bi-directional DC charging.
• IEC 61850 communication protocol – • IEC 61850 comprises a set of standards that define communication protocols for intelligent electronic devices at substations. It serves as a fundamental standard for smart grids.
• The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) – This protocol facilitates communication of intelligent charging features such as grid capacity, energy prices, local sustainable energy availability, and user preferences. Efforts are underway to incorporate it into IEC 63110 to establish a uniform international technical standard.
• Open Charge Point Interface (OCPI) – OCPI enables connections between electric mobility service providers and charging point operators (CPOs). It allows EV users to access various charging points and simplifies payments across different jurisdictions, promoting EV adoption through roaming. OCPI offers comprehensive functionalities, including smart charging, and is widely used in the European Union.
• Open Automated Demand Response (OpenADR) – For an EV, OpenADR Facilitates the exchange of price and event messages between utility companies and connected distributed energy resources to manage demand effectively. While OpenADR emphasizes information exchange, OCPP places more focus on control. OpenADR has gained significant global adoption over the years.

The Impact of On-Board Charger Communication Protocols on EV Charging Infrastructure

On Board Charger communication protocols have a profound impact on the overall Electric Vehicle charging infrastructure. So, what are some of the key implications? Let’s find out!

• Standardization and Harmonization Efforts – Standardization plays a vital role in fostering interoperability and compatibility between different charging stations and EVs. On-Board Charger communication protocols that adhere to industry standards ensure seamless communication across diverse charging networks, promoting a cohesive and accessible charging infrastructure.
• Enabling Smart Charging and Grid Integration – With advanced On-board charger communication protocols, EVs can participate in smart charging programs and grid integration initiatives. These protocols enable vehicles to communicate their charging requirements and grid capabilities, allowing for optimized charging schedules that take into account factors such as electricity prices, renewable energy availability, and grid load management.
• Addressing Challenges of Scalability and Upgradability – As the number of Electric Vehicles on the road continues to grow, scalability and upgradability become critical factors. On-Board Charger communication protocols that are scalable and easily upgradeable ensure that the charging infrastructure can accommodate the increasing demand. These protocols facilitate seamless integration with future technologies and ensure that EV owners can benefit from the latest advancements.

Industry Innovations and Future Developments

The world of On-Board Charger communication protocols is constantly evolving. Here are a few noteworthy developments and innovations that are shaping the future of EV charging.

• Wireless Communication Technologies – Wireless communication technologies, such as Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) and Near Field Communication (NFC), are gaining traction in the EV charging domain. These technologies aim to simplify the charging process by eliminating physical connections and enhancing user convenience.
• Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) – Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) hold the potential to revolutionize the EV charging landscape. By leveraging decentralized and secure data management, these technologies can enable transparent and tamper-proof transaction records, authentication, and billing processes.
• Emerging Protocols and their Implications – Several emerging On-Board Charger communication protocols are being developed, each with unique features and capabilities. These protocols, such as CharIN, GB/T, and CHAdeMO, are focused on addressing specific regional requirements and fostering international interoperability.

Final Thoughts on Driving the Future of Electric Vehicle Charging

On-Board Charger communication protocols are the unsung heroes behind the scenes of Electric Vehicle charging. They facilitate seamless data exchange, ensure safety, and foster interoperability. As EV adoption continues to rise, advancements in On-board charger communication protocols will unlock new possibilities, enabling smarter charging, improved grid integration, and a more sustainable future.

By understanding the technical depths and significance of On-board charger communication protocols, we can actively contribute to the evolution of Electric Vehicle charging infrastructure, paving the way for a cleaner and more efficient transportation ecosystem.

How Xen Hypervisor Enhances Security and Reliability of Infotainment Systems

Automotive infotainment systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated, with a wide range of software components running simultaneously.

This complexity can make these systems vulnerable to security breaches and software crashes, which can impact their reliability and safety.

In this article, we explore the need for virtualization technology, specifically the Xen hypervisor, in enhancing the security and reliability of infotainment systems. We discuss how the Xen hypervisor can be used to isolate different software components in virtual machines, preventing vulnerabilities and crashes from affecting the entire system.

We also examine the benefits of using a hypervisor in terms of software updates and maintenance.

What is a Xen based Hypervisor?

The Xen hypervisor is a popular virtualization technology that enables multiple operating systems to run on a single computer system, isolating each operating system from the others.

This isolation can help prevent security breaches and software crashes from affecting the entire system.

Additionally, virtualization technology can provide greater flexibility in terms of software updates and maintenance, allowing individual software components to be updated or replaced.

Xen Hypervisor in Automotive Infotainment Systems

The infotainment system has become an integral part of all modern vehicles. It provides drivers and passengers with a wide range of features such as multimedia players, communication stacks, and user interfaces.

These systems are becoming increasingly complex, with multiple software components running simultaneously on a single platform. However, this complexity can also make them vulnerable to security breaches and software crashes, which can impact their reliability and safety.

Security breaches can include interface with the vehicle systems (CAN/MOST), climate control, vehicle services, sensors, diagnostics, calibration, configuration, emergency services, driver assistance, or camera systems (dashcam for driver monitoring, rear view, front view, etc.).

To address these challenges, virtualization technology, specifically the Xen hypervisor, can be used to enhance the security and reliability of infotainment systems.

The XEN Architecture

Xen does not include any of the device drivers natively. It has direct access to the physical devices by guest OS; so the size of the hypervisor is kept small.

Xen provides a virtual environment between the Hardware and the OS.

Domain 0 is a privileged guest OS task which loads first when Xen boots without any file system drivers available. It is designed to access hardware directly to manage devices. Domain 0 allocates and maps hardware resources for the guest domains.

The Xen Project Hypervisor supports multiple virtual CPU schedulers, and each of these schedulers have different properties.

The hypervisor scheduler checks the various vCPUs of the virtual machines and decides the one that should run on the host’s physical CPUs (pCPUs), at any point in time.

It also enables more schedulers to be active concurrently on disjoint groups of pCPUs.

Core Scheduling

As discussed above, domains are the tasks of the OSes. Domain 0 (Dom 0) is the host and Domain U (Dom U) is the guest.

In normal CPU scheduling, any domain can access any of the threads on the Core. This can lead to data breach.

In the case of Xen hypervisor core scheduling, the core is assigned to particular pairs of domains, as shown in the image above.

The first two cores are occupied by domain0, i.e., Dom0 vcpu0, Dom0 vcpu1, Dom0 vcpu4, Dom0 vcpu5, as per the figure. Also, the third core is occupied by domainU, i.e., DomU vcpu0, DomU vcpu1.

A thread is free in one of the cores ocupied by domain0 (Dom0 vcpu4). However, it is not possible for domainU to occupy this place. This also implies that all threads of a core are scheduled together, and the bonding between vcores and vCPUs is fixed. This feature ensures that any kind of data breach is avoided.

Credit Scheduling

This is the default scheduler of Xen hypervisor, where each domain will have a weight and cap. Depending on this, the priority will be calculated, i.e., which domain has to be given the highest priority.

The credit scheduler will take the inputs from the priority and assign the physical CPUs to the particular domain based on the timeslice set.

The default value is set to 30ms. Smaller values like 10ms, 5ms, and 1ms can be set for latency-sensitive workloads.

Advanced Features of XEN That Makes It Different from Normal Virtualization

• • Xen Hypervisor can boot multiple OS on a single hardware using virtualization method.
  • Each virtual machine supports a single guest. So, there can be multiple virtual machines at a time. Providing this illusion is called hypervisor.
  • Each Virtual machine in XEN has its own OS and kernel.
  • In Xen, the guest OS will not have direct access to the physical hardware. It has to write into a grant table. The grant reference will be sent to the Host OS. Using a hyper call, it will send the commands to XEN and the memory will be mapped to the particular domain. This process is based on events, and hence, it is referred to as event-driven.

• When the OS starts booting, XEN will stop the booting process at the bootloader and it starts booting up the XEN. Once XEN is completely booted up, it will boot the Host OS first and then the remaining guest OS.
• The physical memory cannot be shared with host and guest OS separately. It is split into virtual memory with fixed length blocks known as pages.
• Virtual address is mapped to the physical address in page frame.
• The guest OS cannot communicate with the other guest OS directly. It has to communicate with the help of XEN, using the virtual memory.
• If the Host or the guest OS needs to access the physical hardware, then it has to be through the XEN virtual CPUs.
• Speed and efficiency are improved with scheduling as resources are provided when needed, dynamically.

Advantages of XEN in Automotive eCockpit

• With the help of XEN, automotive cockpit becomes more cost efficient, because it is possible to boot two different OS on a single hardware platform. For example, if we need Linux for the digital instrument cluster and Android for the infotainment system, both OS can be booted on the same hardware.
• Two different displays can be included, or a single display can be divided into two parts for each OS.
• Using core scheduling, the data can be protected from security breaches.

Xen Hypervisor is a popular open-source virtualization technology that is used by Tesla Model S and Model X, Jaguar Land Rover, Boeing 787 Dreamliner, Parrot Bebop 2 drone, and Kubota tractor. These are just a few examples of the many vehicles that use the Xen Hypervisor.

As an open-source technology, Xen is widely used and can be customized to suit the needs of different applications and industries.

Disadvantages of XEN Hypervisor

• It has a large footprint and is confined to Linux for Dom 0.
• Xen supports only a limited version of Android and does not support the latest Android version, which is essential for infotainment systems.

Conclusion

The use of Xen hypervisor in infotainment systems can enhance the security, reliability, and flexibility of these systems. This makes it an essential tool for developers and manufacturers in this field. Future research can explore the optimization of Xen hypervisor for better performance in infotainment systems.

Nakshatra A, Software Engineer – Embitel

Nakshatra is part of the Validation Team at Embitel. She has 3+ years of experience in BSP development and System Validation for real time embedded applications.

Outside of work, she is passionate about music and art.

7 Similarities Between Driver Cognitive Load and Pilot Cognitive Load

Ever since psychology and neuroscience have made a mark in the world of scientific research, it was inevitable that it found its way into every domain possible. Psychologists are now decoding the human brain as it handles everyday tasks such as walking, sleeping, yawning, or even thinking.

In the automobile industry, there’s lately been a huge focus on the neuroscience of driving. The industry is gravitating towards neuroscience to open up channels that facilitate safety for the driver and everyone else on the road.

In this article, we will analyse the commonalities between the cognitive load on a driver and a pilot, as they both spearhead the modern cockpits.

The Intricacies of Driver Cognitive Load

Multiple studies on a driver’s cognitive load have been conducted and several driver models have been identified. Out of these, two models gained a lot of popularity:

1. In one of these models, it is proposed that there is a dynamic field that enables safe travel. In this field, the driver can control the vehicle without any problems.

   So, what influences this field of safe travel? Road geometry, various objects on the side of the road, and people using the road.

2. In the other driver model, also known as Michon’s driver model, there are three hierarchical levels:
   • Strategic Level – At this level, the driver implicitly decides several high-level aspects of the travel such as the route to be taken, the destination, urgency of the travel, risks associated, compliance with traffic rules and speed of driving.
   • Tactical Level – This is the level at which the driver takes more systematic decisions like making speed variations, assessing distance to road boundaries, evaluating proximity to other objects on the road, overtaking other vehicles, processing road signs, etc.
   • Operational Level – At this level the stability of the vehicle is controlled. This implies that the driver displays the automated ability to ensure speed and lateral control of the vehicle.

   There is constant communication between these three levels. Let us take an example to understand this better:

   Consider that there is a requirement to travel for an urgent purpose.

   The urgency is a criterion at the strategic level in the driver model. Due to this urgency, there may be specific speed control decisions taken by the driver. We should remember that speed control comes at the operational level of the driver model.

   While taking decisions on speed control, the driver also assesses the distance to lane boundaries, overtakes and obeys traffic rules. These actions correspond to the tactical level of the driver model.

   Based on the traffic situation, the driver may decide to change the route. This is how the actions at the tactical level will also feed back into the strategic level.

   We also understand that changes in the road conditions result in changed driving behaviour, i.e., adaptation to make up for increased task demand.

   It should be noted that this can also result in deterioration of driving performance. Such variations in driving performance at each of the three levels bear the risk of accidents.

The mental workload or cognitive load is the information processing capacity of the driver’s mind that is allocated for performing a particular task. The mental workload totally depends on the driver’s physical and mental state, in addition to their motivation levels.

Automotive OEMs are focusing on thoughtfully designing automotive cockpit solutions that help in reducing the cognitive load on the driver. For instance, the digital instrument cluster in a modern car is designed in a way that all important notifications are displayed instantly, without causing driver distraction.

Understanding Pilot Cognitive Load

It is known that accurate judgement and decision making are some of the essential skills of a pilot. For effective decision making, it is important to be able to evaluate situations and predict the possible outcomes. Also, the degree to which pilots can leverage their knowledge varies based on their flying experience.

The novice and expert pilot may have equal cognitive processing ability. However, experts are able to display outstanding performance based on their ability to retrieve information, recognise patterns and make accurate inferences.

Pilot cognitive load is basically the mental capacity required by pilots to evaluate and respond to the vast amount of information and tasks involved in flying an aircraft.

Pilots are expected to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, and each may have differing priorities. However, the cognitive resources of humans are limited. Hence, when the pilot experiences an instance of multiple task information appearing simultaneously, it leads to high mental workload.

And understandably, this can result in task execution errors! Therefore, reducing cognitive load is a significant concern in aviation.

Through multiple studies in the field of cognitive psychology, three types of cognitive load have been identified:

1. Intrinsic cognitive load – This refers to the inherent difficulty level associated with an action. In the context of flying a plane, this includes activities such as monitoring instruments, controlling the aircraft, and navigating through airspace.
2. Extraneous cognitive load – This load is generated by the way in which data is presented to the individual. In the case of a pilot, a poorly designed cockpit display, confusing or excessive information, or complex procedures can lead to extraneous cognitive load. Minimizing extraneous load is important to prevent cognitive overload. The pilot’s environment should be designed to enable them to focus their mental resources on critical tasks.
3. Germane cognitive load – This refers to the cognitive load on pilots for processing information and building their knowledge/skills. This involves actively learning about new systems, flying procedures and techniques that enhance their overall performance. Through years of experience and consistent training programs, pilots can reach a level where germane load is reduced. In such scenarios, routine tasks will be more automated and decision making is quicker and more effective.

In order to reduce the cognitive load on pilots, several measures have been implemented in the aviation industry. Some of these measures are indicated below:

• Improved cockpit design and clear information displays
• Streamlined procedures to be followed
• Introduction of automation for non-critical functions
• Implementation of advanced technologies

This way, pilots can better allocate their cognitive resources to essential tasks, improving safety and performance.

Pilot Cognitive Load and Driver Cognitive Load – What’s Similar?

Pilot and driver cognitive loads share several similarities in spite of the differences in their respective environments and tasks to be processed.

Let’s explore the commonalities in the cognitive loads of pilots and drivers:

1. Perception and Attention

Both pilots and drivers rely heavily on their perception and attention to assess their surroundings and collect information.

Attentiveness is important as they are continuously monitoring the airspace or the road and interpreting auditory and visual clues. This helps them detect hazards and react accordingly. It is also important for them to remove unnecessary information instantly to reduce cognitive load.

2. Information Processing

Drivers and pilots need to be proficient in processing large amounts of information and taking judicious decisions. It is crucial to be able to identify the priorities of tasks and act in accordance with that.

For example, they should be well-versed in evaluating the speed and route of other vehicles/aircrafts and monitoring their own vehicle parameters – all while adhering to traffic instructions.

3. Decision-Making

Aeronautical decision making (ADM) and driver decision making processes are very similar. Both are based on a systematic mental process that drivers/pilots employ to determine the right course of action during a specific event. He/she evaluates the circumstances and takes action based on the latest information they have.

It should be noted that both professions are usually required to make important decisions with time constraints. The ability to adapt to changes is also a crucial skill.

There is a lot of research that points to the fact that the capability to make decisions and plan appropriately increases with the time spent in the cockpit and acquisition of expertise.

4. Memory

Pilots and drivers rely on memory to recall and apply relevant knowledge and skills. Let’s look at their perspective when driving/flying – The part of the visual field that they see clearly at any instant is only a very small fraction of the entire scene. This implies that they need to have the ability to absorb the happenings in the visual field and store results in memory for later use.

They also need to remember navigation routes, traffic rules, emergency procedures, and various characteristics of their vehicle or aircraft.

5. Mental Load

The mental load of drivers and pilots can vary depending on factors such as weather, traffic conditions, and complexity of the route or airspace.

High mental load can significantly affect the driver’s/pilot’s performance and decision-making ability. Hence, it is important for pilots and drivers to manage mental load effectively.

6. Fatigue and Stress

Personal or job-related stress, anxiety, emotional blocking, long hours of operation, and irregular schedules can affect the usage of stored knowledge negatively. Attention, decision-making abilities and situational awareness are also tarnished due to these issues.

Hence, it is imperative to have fatigue and stress management procedures in both professions.

7. Training and Experience

Both pilots and drivers can benefit from training and experience in managing their cognitive loads. With experience, the driver/pilot can also automate routine tasks, develop mental models, and make more efficient use of their cognitive resources. This enables them to plan and execute a crucial time-sensitive strategy almost instantaneously.

Concluding Thoughts

The commonalities in the cognitive load on pilots and drivers show that they are faced with similar cognitive demands. Of course, there are several unique and defining aspects in their mode of operations, as they are part of different professions.

However, understanding the similarities in their cognitive load can be valuable for the development of technologies across these domains. The automotive industry can also take reference from the advancements in the aviation industry that optimise pilot performance and flight safety.

Yogesha Lakkanna, Associate Director – Embitel

Yogesha Lakkanna is responsible for Verification and Validation at Embitel. He is an Electronics and Communication Engineer and Certified Testing Professional. He has 20+ years of experience in Release Management, Quality Assurance and Test Lifecycle management in the field of Realtime Embedded Applications in Avionics, Consumer, Medical and Automotive Electronics.

Yogesha is also interested in Farming, Literature, Music, and Social Service. He is an active member and volunteer in various cultural and social organisations in Bangalore.

Sensing the Future: A Closer Look at Automotive Sensors and Their Impact

If we were to pick the most important driver of transformation in the automotive industry, most certainly it will be the software. Whether is ADAS, autonomous driving, connected mobility or the EVs, software is the real disruptor here.

A report by Mckinsey predicts that by 2030, the global automotive software and electronics market will be almost $460 billion.

While we give most of the credit for this disruption to software, a worthy companion to software is often left out. We are talking about the sensors.

Automotive software relies on vast amounts of vehicular data streaming continuously to them. For instance, an intelligent battery management system requires battery parameters such as voltage, current, temperature at every instance to keep the EV running. Such parameters are captured by various sensors fitted inside the vehicle.

Autonomous driving is a prime example in which sensors such as LIDAR and cameras work in all their glory. Multiple complex IoT sensors collect and send a stream of vast data packets for the software to process in real time.

The advancement in sensors and automotive software has gone hand in hand. Naturally so, because great software needs accurate data to process, and an advanced sensor is as important as the software processing this data.

In this blog, we will look at automotive sensors in this light and try to deep dive into their use-cases, capabilities, and future. So, let’s start with the major types of sensors used in automotive industries.

Most Deployed Automotive Sensors and Their Impact on Mobility

1. Vehicle Speed Sensor

The Vehicle Speed Sensor, also known as Wheel Speed Sensor, continuously monitors the rotational speed of one or more wheels. Leveraging magnetic or Hall effect technology, it generates electrical pulses proportionate to wheel speed.

The ECU captures this data and applies it to crucial systems like Anti-lock Braking (ABS), Traction Control (TCS), and Electronic Stability Control (ESC).

As a result, drivers experience optimal braking performance, enhanced stability during cornering, and improved vehicle traction on slippery surfaces.

2. Engine Speed Sensor

The Engine Speed Sensor, also referred to as Crankshaft Position Sensor, records the rotational speed of the engine’s crankshaft. Using Hall effect or magneto-resistive technology, it converts the mechanical motion into electrical signals.

This data is critical for engine management, precisely controlling fuel injection timing, ignition timing, and synchronization.

The ESS empowers engines to operate efficiently, achieve optimal fuel consumption, and reduce harmful emissions.

3. Pressure Sensor

Pressure sensors are deployed across various vehicle systems to monitor fluid pressures. They employ different technologies like piezoresistive or capacitive to convert pressure into electrical signals.

The ECU interprets these signals to ensure proper engine oil pressure, fuel system pressure, and tire pressure.

By monitoring these vital parameters, pressure sensors contribute to engine health, fuel efficiency, and tire safety, ultimately enhancing overall vehicle performance.

4. In-Car Air Quality Sensors

Air Quality Sensors constantly monitor the air inside the vehicle. Using cutting-edge technology, these sensors detect pollutants and harmful gases like carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide.

The inner mechanism of these sensors is mostly based on either light scattering technology, electrodes to detect the pollutants or humidity and temperature sensors.

• Particulate Matter (PM) Sensors: PM sensors rely on light scattering techniques. They emit a light beam through the air, and when fine particles (dust, pollen, soot) pass through the beam, it scatters, creating a measurable change in light intensity. By analysing the scattered light, the sensor quantifies the concentration of particulate matter, providing real-time data on air pollution levels.
• Gas Sensors: Gas sensors employ different techniques based on the target gas. For example, electrochemical gas sensors use electrodes immersed in a specific electrolyte to detect gases like carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). When these gases come in contact with the electrodes, a chemical reaction occurs, resulting in a measurable electrical current, which indicates gas concentration.
• Humidity and Temperature Sensor: Humidity and Temperature Sensors utilize capacitive or resistive techniques to measure the ambient conditions inside and outside the vehicle cabin. They continuously monitor humidity levels and temperature, providing data to the ECU and the HVAC system. This enables automatic climate control, i.e., adjusting heating, cooling, and ventilation settings based on the occupants’ preferences and external weather conditions. As a result, passengers experience a comfortable and pleasant cabin environment regardless of external climate variations.

Infotainment screen showing air quality data captured by sensors

The Dynamic Interplay of Sensors and Software in Modern Automobiles

While the sensors handle the data capturing part, it is the algorithms that process the data into actions. Each sensor continuously collects data and sends electrical signals, varying in voltage or frequency, to the Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The ECU acts as the vehicle’s brain, equipped with advanced software that interprets the incoming sensor data in real-time. The software algorithms process the data to make informed decisions and trigger corresponding actions.

Sample these automotive functionalities:

1. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC): Utilizing VSS and radar sensors, ACC maintains a safe distance from the vehicle ahead, adjusting speed as traffic conditions change.
2. Rain-Sensing Wipers: Humidity and light sensors detect rain, automatically activating wipers and adjusting their speed based on the intensity of rainfall.
3. Engine Start-Stop System: Engine Speed Sensor enables automatic engine shutdown when the vehicle comes to a stop, saving fuel, and restarting when the driver releases the brake pedal.
4. Tire Pressure Monitoring: Pressure sensors in the tires monitor pressure levels, and the software alerts the driver when pressure drops below the recommended level. This enhances driver safety and extends tire life.
5. Dynamic Stability Control: VSS and other sensors provide data to ESC, ensuring the vehicle maintains stability during abrupt maneuvers. This prevents skidding or loss of control.

Now let’s pick one of the most relevant automotive systems, keeping the rising pollution levels in mind – air quality monitoring and improvement. Taking a deep dive into the inner workings of this system will help us understand the synergy between automotive sensors and automotive software.

We have already mentioned that air quality sensors detect pollutants such as particulate matter, harmful gases and other volatile compounds.

The captured data from the cabin air quality sensors is transmitted to the vehicle’s Electronic Control Unit (ECU), where air quality monitoring and improvement systems come into play. The software’s central role is to interpret the sensor data and take appropriate actions to ensure a healthy cabin environment:

• Air Quality Monitoring: The software continuously analyses the sensor data to assess air quality parameters. It categorizes the data into different pollutant levels and triggers alerts if pollutant concentrations exceed predefined safety thresholds.
• HVAC System Integration: The Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system is closely integrated with the software. Based on sensor data, the HVAC system adjusts fan speed, air circulation, and filtration settings to optimize air quality inside the cabin.
• Air Quality Improvement: To combat high pollutant levels, the software may activate the recirculation mode, preventing external air intake and filtering the cabin air through advanced filtration systems (like HEPA filters) to remove contaminants.
• In-Cabin Alerts: In cases of elevated pollutant levels, the software notifies the driver and passengers through visual or audio alerts, prompting them to take necessary actions like rolling up windows or adjusting HVAC settings.

A Quick Overview of Sensor Integration with Automotive Software

In order to achieve seamless integration between automotive sensors and software, various algorithms need to be developed. These algorithms are designed to process sensor data, make intelligent decisions, and control the vehicle’s systems effectively.

Here are some key algorithms that need to be developed for successful sensor-software integration:

• Signal Processing Algorithms: These algorithms are responsible for processing raw sensor data and converting it into meaningful information. For example, in the case of the Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS), signal processing algorithms analyze the electrical pulses from the sensor and calculate the vehicle’s speed based on the pulse frequency and timing.
• Filtering Algorithms: Filtering algorithms are used to remove noise and unwanted artifacts from sensor data. They ensure that the software receives accurate and reliable information from the sensors, thereby enhancing the overall system’s performance and accuracy.
• Data Fusion Algorithms: In modern vehicles, multiple sensors work together to provide comprehensive information about the vehicle’s surroundings. Data fusion algorithms combine data from different sensors, such as cameras, radars, and ultrasonic sensors, to create a unified and accurate perception of the vehicle’s environment.
• Control Algorithms: These algorithms take the processed sensor data and determine the appropriate actions or responses. In the example of the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), control algorithms decide when and how to modulate brake pressure to prevent wheel lock-up during sudden braking.
• Machine Learning Algorithms: Machine learning algorithms are increasingly used in automotive systems to enable advanced driver-assistance features and autonomous driving capabilities. These algorithms learn from historical sensor data and can make predictions and decisions based on patterns and trends. This enhances the vehicle’s responsiveness and adaptability to various driving conditions.
• Adaptive Control Algorithms: Adaptive control algorithms continuously adjust the vehicle’s systems based on changing conditions. For instance, adaptive cruise control systems use sensor data to maintain a safe following distance from the vehicle ahead, adjusting the speed as necessary.
• Fault Detection and Diagnostics (FDD) Algorithms: FDD algorithms monitor sensor outputs and detect anomalies or sensor failures. They play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and reliability of the vehicle’s systems, especially in critical functions like braking and steering.

Concluding Thoughts

In the ever-evolving world of automotive technology, sensors stand tall as the worthy companion of automotive software.

With each passing day, sensors become smarter, more precise, and seamlessly integrated with cutting-edge software, elevating our driving experience to new heights. From preventing accidents through Anti-lock Braking Systems to enhancing cabin comfort with Air Quality Sensors, these sensors play a monumental role in shaping the future of mobility.

We at Embitel Technologies understand the complex world of automotive sensors and their integration with software. Whether it is the air quality monitoring system or adaptive automotive lighting, we have been ‘sensing the road ahead’ effectively for years.